Frank Vogel is an independent scholar and consultant on Islamic law and the laws of the Muslim world. He retired in 2007 from Harvard Law School where he held the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Chair for Islamic Legal Studies. In 1991 he founded the School’s Islamic Legal Studies Program, serving as Director until 2006. Publications include Islamic Law and Legal System: Studies of Saudi Arabia; Islamic Law and Finance: Religion, Risk, and Return; and the 150-page “Contract Law of Islam and of the Arab Middle East” in The International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law.